Citations

“It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.” — Mark Twain
 “…the mark of a free man is that ever-gnawing inner uncertainty as to whether or not he is right.” — Judge Learned Hand
 “[A community organizer] must constantly examine life, including his own, to get some idea of what it is all about, and he must challenge and test his own findings…To the extent that he is free from the shackles of dogma, he can respond to the realities of the widely different situations our society presents.” — Saul Alinsky
 “The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser people so full of doubts.” — Bertrand Russell
 “Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd.” — Voltaire

Formative assessment

For those who might be new to the term, formative assessments are ongoing practices that help both the teacher and student evaluate and reflect on how they are both doing, and what changes either or both might need to make to become a more effective teacher and learner (I’d love it if someone left a comment with a better definition). I use a lot of these in my classroom, ranging from regular cloze (fill-in-the-blank) and reading fluency assessments, to “show me with thumbs,” to observations. I feel that I use them pretty effectively, but also feel that I could do a better job applying what I learn from them in the classroom.
 Again, for people who are new to these terms, formative assessments are often contrasted with summative assessments. Summative assessments are the mid-term and final exams, benchmarks, and state tests that we give. They’re designed to, at least theoretically, tell us what a student has learned and what she/he hasn’t learned.
 Formative assessments are generally considered more useful to teachers, which is why I’m thinking about them. To quote Robert Marzano from The Art and Science of Teaching, formative assessments “might be one of the more powerful weapons in a teacher’s arsenal.”

Larry Ferlazzo, The Best Resources For Learning About Formative Assessment, August 22, 2010
http://larryferlazzo.edublogs.org/2010/08/22/the-best-resources-for-learning-about-formative-assessment/